For many years, tumors of the disseminated endocrine system have been referred as "carcinoids" 123. Oberndorfer coined this term in 1907 for these epithelial tumors in the gut that in general have a relatively monotonous structure and are less aggressive in their behavior than carcinomas 123456. Factors that determine the biologic behavior of endocrine tumors are complex and multifaceted. In the WHO classification of 2000, a distinction was made between well-differentiated endocrine tumors (which show benign behavior or uncertain malignant potential), well-differentiated endocrine carcinomas (which are characterized by less aggressive malignant behavior), and poorly differentiated endocrine carcinomas of high-grade malignancy 5678910. However, the reproducibility of this grading system and its prognostic importance has sometimes been called into question 8. In endocrine tumors, a number of clinicopathologic criteria proved to be useful predictors of malignant behavior; these include: site of origin; tumor type; tumor size; invasion of nearby tissue or deep wall invasion; angioinvasion and invasion of perineural spaces; presence of spotty necrosis; overt cellular atypia; more than two mitoses in 10 HPFs; Ki-67 index of more than 100/10 HPFs, or more than 2%; loss of chromogranin A immunoreactivity; and nuclear p53 accumulation 4567891011121314151617181920212223. However, the predictive value of such variables remains to be proven for tumors other than those of pancreas and stomach 6.

The objective of our study is to investigate the potential utility of cell proliferation (Ki-67 index) and histopathologic grading in augmenting the histological classification and assessing biologic aggressiveness in biopsies and surgical specimens with gastrointestinal and pancreatic (GIP) endocrine tumors (ETs).

Of the 38 endocrine tumors, 29 were G1, 7 were G2, and 2 – G3. Fifteen of the twenty-two (68.18%) surgically staged neoplasms presented with peritoneal dissemination, lymphogeneous, and/or hematogeneous metastases (Table 2).

Nine of the metastatic tumors were G1 (9/13, or 69.23%), 5 were G2 (5/7, or 71.42%), and 1 – G3 (1/2, or 50%) (Table 3). Unexpectedly high association with metastasis was found in small (< 2 cm), G1, endocrine tumors (Table 2). The results of the automated quantitative Ki-67 immunoreactivity analysis in comparison to tumor grade and metastatic disease are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Overall, 10/15 (66.66%) metastatic tumors showed < 2% Ki-67 immunoreactivity (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). On the other hand, non-metastatic G1-3 ETs demonstrated a high Ki-67 index (Figs. 7 and 8) (Table 2). No statistically significant correlation was found to exist between tumor grade, tumor size, Ki-67 index and metastatic behavior (Tables 3, 5 and 6).

Four of the 22 surgically staged GIP ETs had a synchronous malignancy: one non-metastatic ileal ET with synchronous non-metastatic colon adenocarcinoma, and three metastatic ileal ETs with synchronous metastatic colon and common bile duct adenocarcinomas, and non-metastatic renal cell papillary carcinoma. Both ETs, although smaller in size, showed a higher metastasis rate than the synchronous metastatic adenocarcinomas.

For many years, GIP ETs have been regarded as slow growing neoplasms with distinct morphologic characteristics that behave less aggressively than conventional adenocarcinomas 1. The malignant potential of endocrine tumors is difficult to predict. In this context, the latest WHO classification provides a useful framework for the evaluation of clinicopathological and functional properties of these neoplasms 6. However, a disadvantage of the current WHO classification system is that it is not possible to evaluate some of the well known criteria for malignancy, namely the presence of metastases, and deep wall invasion or invasion of nearby tissue in biopsy specimens. Recently, attempts have been made to define histological and immunohistochemical prognostic factors that may aid in predicting the biologic behavior of GIP ETs in the context in which they commonly present to the surgical pathologist. In this context, the study by Hochwald et al 24 affirmed the clinical usefulness of a two-tiered classification of differentiated pancreatic endocrine neoplasms into low- and intermediate-grade groups on the basis of tumor necrosis (absent or present) and mitotic rate (< 2 mitoses/50 HPFs, or > 2 mitoses/50 HPFs) 24. Moreover, high-grade ETs were defined as neoplasms characterized by a solid growth pattern, cytologic atypia, > 10 mitoses/10 HPFs (Ki-67 index > 10%), and widespread necrosis 6724.

This study investigated the histological grading, Ki-67 index, tumor size, and metastatic behavior in a group of patients with GIP ETs. The goal was to evaluate Ki-67 index using ChromaVision Automated Image Analysis software, and to determine whether histological grade, tumor size, and Ki-67 index had any bearing on metastatic behavior. We observed unexpectedly high aggressiveness (multiple lymphogenous and hematogenous metastases, and peritoneal implants) in small (< 2 cm), low-grade ETs, with low Ki-67 index. These observations are consistent with other reports 161825. In his excellent study, based on analysis of 1914 reported cases with gastrointestinal endocrine tumors, Soga 25 found a high aggressiveness in metastasis rates in both rectal and gastric small carcinoids exhibiting values significantly higher than those of small carcinomas. We did not find statistically significant correlation between tumor grade and Ki-67 index, as well as between tumor grade, tumor size, Ki-67 index and metastatic behavior of GIP ETs. These observations are in disagreement with earlier positive findings 811121519. This disagreement might be explained by methodological differences, or the different antibodies employed. In this context, ChromaVision Automated Ki-67 index analysis provides superior accuracy in comparison to semi quantitative evaluation of Ki-67 positivity. Most importantly, this study shows the limitations of the current WHO classification in assessment of the metastatic behavior of GIP ETs. Thus, we were able to show that small, low-grade ETs, with low proliferative index, which met the criteria of the WHO classification criteria for benignity, behaved in a highly aggressive fashion. On the other hand large, intermediate- and high-grade, with high proliferative index ETs, which met the WHO classification criteria for malignancy, behaved in a benign fashion, i.e. without metastatic disease. Currently, we cannot explain the highly aggressive behavior of small, low-grade, with low proliferative index ETs. Previous studies suggest that tumors with a short cell cycle may grow rapidly but without necessarily manifesting numerous mitotic figures at any moment 8. In addition, recent reports indicate that nuclear survivin and valosin-containing protein (p97) are useful prognostic factors in ETs 2627.

The observed increased risk of synchronous malignancies in GIP ETs is consistent with previous reports 282930. The results illustrate the need for a thorough search for additional neoplasms in patients with ileal ETs.

In conclusion, the results suggest that tumor grade does not significantly correlate with Ki-67 index. Further, tumor grade, tumor size, and Ki-67 index do not accurately predict malignant behavior of GIP ETs.

The author(s) declare that they have no competing interests.

BAA evaluated the H&E and immunohistochemical stains, confirmed the diagnosis, designed the report and drafted the manuscript. CID and JCP provided consultation.

All authors read and approved the final manuscript.